P99 Boiler Exam Results How To Safely Use

P99 Boiler Exam Results How To Safely Use

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Welding P91 Welding is one process that is widely used during the construction.

This means the last stages of the superheater and the pipes carrying the steam to the turbine should withstand these extreme conditions.

This requires this material should have very high strength properties, which do not deteriorate with time, and should be creep resistant.

Advantages of P91 SA 213 T91 or SA 335 P91 is such a ferritic alloy steel that meets this condition.

This material has been in use for the last two decades successfully in power plant service.

Compared to its predecessor, the T22 or P22 grade, grade 91 exhibits high strength up to temperatures in the range of 600 C.

This allows the power plant designers to engineer components, superheater coils, headers and steam piping, with less thickness.

This contributes to a higher thermal fatigue life of almost ten times.

This allows them to increase the operating temperature to a higher level, increasing the efficiency of the power plant.

Also the reduction in thickness suits HRSG designers since in an HRSG the temperature head is limited and locating the coils in the heat transfer path is very critical.

Why is P91 different What makes this steel different is the addition of a high amount of Chromium.

Chromium improves high temperature strength and increases oxidation resistance.

Also present are smaller quantities of Nickel and Manganese which increase the hardenability of the steel.

More important than the alloying elements is the formation of this alloy steel.

The steel is formed by normalizing at 1050 C, air cooling down to 200 C.

This produces the microstructure that results in the high creep strength properties.

This steel is not tolerant to variations in its microstructure, unlike P22 grade or other grades.

The steel has to be from manufacturers who strictly and precisely follow the heat treatment requirements.

After the steel is worked, proper and precise heat treatment is required to reinstate the microstructure back to its original conditions.

If this is not done the steel has properties that are much lower than its predecessor P22.

In the case of P22 and other low alloy steels, the effect of variations in heat treatment on the properties is not as vehement as in P91.

During the fabrication and construction phase, any process that affects the micro structure has to be reversed by a precise heat treatment.